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Singapore: The Singapore General Hospital (SGH) Delivering on Target (DOT) Programme Medical education programmes were provided to private GPs to enhance their awareness and knowledge in chronic disease management. Limited information released to the public. Not clear Private GPs are required to meet goals, including the number of patients enrolled and the performance measures.

Malaysia: PeKA B40 Scheme Not clear Information website is available but evaluation report and other related information to indicate accountability are missing. Not clear No performance-based payment.

Medicare Chronic Disease Management programme Information website is available but updated information or report is No performance-based

Australia: Not clear missing. Not clear payment.

The United States: Medicaid Incentives for Prevention of Chronic Diseases (MIPCD) Not clear. Nonprofit community organisation, like YMCA. Information website and evaluation reports are available. Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted by researchers, but not clear whether the CEA results were used in the contracting. Performance-based incentives were provided.

Chronic Disease Management at Community Health Centres The quality of chronic disease management in community health centres/stations is under concern. Limited public information regarding the public health services towards chronic disease prevention and management. Incorporating Cost-Effective Contracting Very limited application of performance-based payments.

China: Not clear

Health check-ups to prevent chronic diseases Insurers will be penalised economically if stated goals are not achieved.

Japan: Not clear Not clear Not clear

Promote Healthy Living and Preventing Chronic Disease Not clear. Both public and private organisation can apply for the funds to conduct evidence-informed interventions that address common risk factors for Website and media release are available for the funded Pay-for-performance model, payments are made when project milestones are

Canada: Initiative chronic diseases. projects Not clear reached;

The United Kingdom: The NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (DPP) Not clear. But provider for each local site is selected through a local competition. Government website to release information. Not clear Providers will receive a higher payment where they are able to retain people from BAME backgrounds, or from postcode areas associated with high deprivation

Elements of strategic purchasing Provider Competence & Autonomy Clear & Coherent Accountability (Transparency) Cost-effective Contracts Performance-based Metrics & Payment Systems

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